A review of the behaviours of the Chondrichthyes: a multi-species ethogram for the chimaeras, sharks, and rays

Abstract In this review of the behavioural patterns chondrichthyan fishes, we have strived to produce a comprehensive catalogue events and states develop standardized terminology. Hence, actions that are slightly different, will be pooled under inclusive titles. Those used by different investigators included in quotations within textual descriptions motor patterns. This ethogram ideally lead an increase inter-observer reliability, giving researchers more confidence when reading colleagues’ papers report behaviours appear similar theirs despite being described for species. The presented following categories: (1) maintenance (2) courtship (3) filter feeding (4) scavenging (5) predation (6) sociality (7) aggression (8) defence. many illustrated line drawings photographs composite figures with attempt provide example each action chimaera, shark, ray. diversity is evident from ethogram, consistent observation brain-to-body mass ratios cartilaginous fishes greater than third bird species those some mammalian major impetus assembling demonstrate exhibited members Chondrichthyes dispel apocryphal belief taxon ‘simple machines’.